Basic Linux Commands

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File and Folder Management

• ls: Lists files in the current folder.
  • ls -la: Also shows hidden files and details (permissions, size).
• cd <folder>: Enters a folder (e.g., cd /home).
  • cd ..: Returns to the previous folder.
• pwd: Shows the path of the folder you are currently in.
• mkdir <name>: Creates a new folder.
• rm <file>: Deletes a file.
  • rm -r <folder>: Deletes a folder and all its content (be careful!).
• cp <source> <destination>: Copies files or folders.
• mv <source> <destination>: Moves or renames files or folders.

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System and Permission Management

• sudo: Executes a command as an administrator (SuperUser). Use with caution!
• chmod: Changes file permissions.
  • chmod +x script.sh: Makes a script executable.
• chown: Changes the owner of a file.
• top or htop: Shows active processes and CPU/RAM usage (like Task Manager on Windows).
• df -h: Shows free disk space.
• free -h: Shows free and used RAM.

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Package Management (Ubuntu/Debian)

• apt update: Updates the list of available packages.
• apt upgrade: Installs available updates for installed programs.
• apt install <program>: Installs a new program (e.g., apt install nano).
• apt remove <program>: Removes a program.

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Text Editors

• nano <file>: Opens a simple text editor in the terminal.
  • CTRL + O to save, Enter to confirm, CTRL + X to exit.
• vi or vim: More advanced editor (for experts).

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Network and Connections

• ip a: Shows your local IP address.
• ping <site>: Verifies the connection to a site or IP (e.g., ping google.com).
• wget <link>: Downloads a file from the internet.
• curl: Versatile tool for transferring data or testing APIs.

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Utilities

• clear: Clears the terminal screen.
• history: Shows the history of used commands.
• reboot: Restarts the system.
• shutdown now: Shuts down the system immediately.